The Rabbi is IN! (Easy Questions 3 cents, Hard Questions 5 cents*) We Love Questions! Please feel free to ask any question on anything related to Torah or Judaism.

No question is trivial - "the Bashful never learn" (Ethics of our Fathers). Whether it's something you missed in Hebrew School, never had a chance to study, a deeper insight into a text you're studying, or something strange someone said and you wanted to check it up... E-MAIL your Question to us or come on over! We love to chat, shmooze and study. See also study schedule for Study Nights and Classes at Shabbos House, or call and we can arrange a time. Rabbi Mendel is also available at times for study on-campus.. Your Question Could Be Here!  e-mail Rabbi Mendel

Q&A in Order Received.
Recent questions added above previous ones.
(red ?'s are the most recent)

Q. Is Tree-Planting allowed in Israel during the Shemittah year?
 A. I'm not sure of JNF's policy, but Halacha forbids planting in Israel's soil during the Shemitta (sabbatical) year. 5768 (2007-8) is a Shemmitah year. There are several different ways that observant Jews deal with agricultural needs during Shemitta, (which are the cause of much disagreement), some of which may allow planting trees under very specific circumstances.

Q. So who wrote the Torah - the Five Books?
 A. Ah, the million-dollar question! Obviously, the issue of whose words they are has far-reaching implications. Reform Jews, like secular academics, believe that a number of different human authors wrote the Torah. Conservative Jews believe somewhat the same, only that it was with Divine inspiration. Orthodox Jews believe that Moses wrote the Five Books as dictated by G-d. According to the Talmud, Moses got it off a Divine teleprompter with letters of black fire on white fire (think pixels and digital). The Talmud has a dispute regarding the last few verses which recount Moses death, whether Moses wrote them in tears or if Joshua wrote them.

Q. "Ayin-Hora" the evil eye - is it superstition or what?
 A. The concept has basis in classical Jewish sources, but some of its grandmotherly application has a nice dose of superstition to it. I'd say, generally speaking, it's one third religious lore, a third psychology and another third superstition. It's OK and even important to be aware of and consider, but often silly to obsess over.

Q. Snowballs on Shabbos - what's the verdict?
 A. Without an "Eruv" there's no carrying outdoors on Shabbos, and throwing is including in carrying, so that would be out. Even within a permissible carrying place, there are some issues with snowball making. Most Rabbinic sources consider intentionally compacting snow to "strengthening its composition" and related to the prohibition of building. Some go as far to say that snow which falls on Shabbos falls under the category of Muktzah.

Q. Did the Rebbe assume his wife's (maiden) name "Schneersohn"?
 A. No. The Rebbe and his wife shared a last name before they got married in 1927. They were actually cousins, sharing a common great-great grandfather, the 3rd Rebbe of Lubavitch (also named Menachem Mendel) also known as the Tzemach Tzedek, after the name of his published Halachic work.

Q. Why aren't we worried about breaking twigs when walking on grass on Shabbos?
 A. Two Shabbat rules are in play here. (1) Breaking twigs is not your desired intent as you walk across the grass, the goal is to get from Point A to Point B. (2) It is not absolutely certain that twigs will be broken. There is that (even remote) possibility that you won't break any twigs on your walk across. For this to be permissible, both rules have to be in play, one rule is not enough to consider it permissible.

Q. Do Rabbis take special storytelling courses?
 A. I didn't. But storytelling and parables are important Chassidic (and generally Jewish) traditions, so it was a big part of our learning experience.

Q. Is there a point of praying in a synagogue even without a Minyan?
 A. Yes. Personal prayer is good anywhere, but being in place of heightened spiritual sensitivity is an added dimension.

 Q. How does the Talmud view Herod?
 A. Mixed feelings. He surely was not a descendent of the House of David and therefore traditionally unworthy of kingship, and the beginning of his reign saw much bloodshed when he killed much of the Rabbinic leadership. But later on, for whatever reason, he undertook a massive refurbishing and beautifying of Jerusalem's Temple and the Talmud speaks highly of that endeavor. All this is spelled out in Talmud Bava Basra, first chapter.

Q. Why do some Jews prefer woolen Tzitzit? Isn't cotton more comfortable, especially summertime?
 A. See Talmud Menachos which has different opinions whether a non-wool garment is obligated in Tziztit from a Biblical or Rabbinic standpoint. Bottom line is that a woolen garment is certainly Biblically obligated in Tzitzit according to all opinions, hence the preference for wool. But many do wear cotton Tzitzit, which are Halachicly legit and yes, they are much more comfortable in the summertime or if you work up a sweat, and in general for those who prefer a looser clothing feel.

Q. Are we supposed to sit Shiva for grandparents?
 A. Obviously grandchildren participate in the Shiva House, and its mood, both to honor the memory and loss of their grandparent, and in respect of their parent who is sitting Shiva, but there are no Shiva obligations for the next generation (the grandchildren).

Q. Is there a reason why you guys always serve "Saratoga Water"? Is it sponsored?
 A. Saratoga Water is not (yet) a corporate sponsor of Shabbos House. Why do we serve it? When we searched around for a distributor to deliver cases of water and soda to Shabbos House several times a year so we could avoid extra schlepping each week, we came up with a beer distributor who can only deliver products he is under contract with. Since he carries Saratoga Water in 1.5 liter bottles, it works for us. Besides, it's local and it's a great-tasting product. By the way, this may explain why a big Heineken or Miller truck pulls into our driveway, 3-4 times a year.

Q. You said, "Let's Bench!" and then we did grace after meals. What does "bench" mean?
 A. Oh, bentsch is Yiddish for bless, hence Bentscher is Yiddish for the booklet of blessings we use after the meal.

Q. Why the shuffling of feet before that important part of prayer?
 A. You must be referring to the 3 steps forward and 3 steps backward before and after the standing Amidah prayer. The Code of Jewish Law explains this ritual to be "entering and leaving the presence of the King (G-d)." In modern terms this may refer to the log-on and log-off process from secure, password-access sites online.

Q. Does "Shmurah" mean whole-grain?
 A. No, it doesn't. It means "watched" - for the grains, flour and process of Shmurah Matzah is carefully watched in preparation for Passover use. Usually, Shmurah Matzah refers to the hand-made round (more expensive) Matzahs, but some varieties of machine-made Matzah are also made of Shmurah flour.

Q. Is double-wrapping in a non-Kosher microwave Kosher for Passover?
 A. If it is entirely sealed, yes. Providing, of course, that the product itself is Kosher for Passover. Holiday-wise electronic microwaves would only be OK on the intermediate days of the holiday. BTW: double-wrapping is supposed to be a temporary (but legit) arrangement, but it shouldn't become a primary mode of keeping Kosher.

Q.  I'm tied up on the Seder Night, and can only spare a few minutes with no nearby Seder. What's the basic minimum I can do?
 A. Wish you could hook up with a nearby Seder (see Chabad.org) but if you really can't and you don't have much time - here's the bare-bone basics: After nightfall on the night of the Seder, recline as you (1) eat (at least) 2oz of Matzah, (2) drink 4 cups of Kosher wine or grape-juice, and also be sure to (3) say a little something about G-d taking us out of Egypt back then, and its relevance today. If you have some (4) romaine lettuce for the bitter herb, that's even better. Obviously the more you can say of the Haggadah, and celebrate with others - the better, but this is the very basic obligation. A Big Mitzvah, don't miss it!

Q. Why is Romaine Lettuce considered a "bitter herb" - most of it is actually sweet!
 A. The Egyptian Bondage didn't happen all at once. The Jews were not enslaved overnight. It was a gradual process that started off with lots of carrot and ended up with all stick. Romaine Lettuce (or endive) represents that - for the longer they sit before harvest, the more bitter they get. The root-stalks actually have a bitterness, that's the age of the lettuce creeping up into the leaves.

Q.  I read the Jewish royal year resets in the month of Nissan. Is that the month of the Exodus? Why celebrate royalty then?
 A. Talmud Rosh Hashanah 2b learns it from a juxtaposition of Shlomo’s royal reckoning and the reckoning from the Exodus. Rabbeynu Nissim explains this is because there would never be a Jewish King if we hadn’t left Egypt. In the language of the Haggadah “if G-d would not have taken us out then, we would still be slaves to Pharaoh in Egypt.” From a Chassidic perspective, an ideal Jewish king is a quality leader with spiritual inspiration and connection to G-d. This explains why Samuel was reluctant to appoint a king when the Jews asked for one, even though the Torah itself encourages us to have a king. For the Jews of Samuel's time asked for a King “like all other nations” which is very different from what an ideal Jewish king should be about - and that ideal is worth celebrating in the month of Nissan, when we became the Jewish nation.

Q. I know the Manna did not fall on Shabbos. Did it fall on Holidays?
 A. It isn't clear. Rashi seems to say that it did not. Tosefos commentary on Talmud Beitzah 2b quotes conflicting Medrash on this question.

Q. How do Yeshivas decide which tractate of Talmud to study in a given year?
 A. There's a cycle of tractates, usually an eight-year rotation. Most Yeshivas study the 3 Bavas: Bava Kamma (damages) Bava Metziah (monetary disputes & doubts) and Bava Basra (real-estate, zoning and inheritance). Also commonly learned are marital tractates (mostly for the extensive discussion on documents and contracts) titled: Kesubos, Kiddushin and Gittin. Chabad Yeshivas also include Shabbos (Shabbat) and Pesachim (Passover) because the Rebbe wanted that the variety include topics relevant in everyday Jewish living. The Brisk Yeshiva makes a point of learning tractates of Temple Laws such as Zevachim and Menachos to prepare for Moshiach. Of course there are many more tractates but they are not usually studied in the official cycle. Yeshiva students can opt to study them on their own, in a Daf-Yomi cycle, or during summer months with lighter curriculum.

Q. I'm having a hard time getting a read on King Ahasuareus. Was he wicked or just fickle? Was he just a party animal?
 A. The Talmud asks the same question. He's a complex character and different Rabbis of the Talmud read him differently.

Q. Did Adam die in the Great Flood?
 A. No. Adam died in the Jewish year 930 (or 2831 BCE) and the Flood happened in the Jewish year 1656 (or 2105 BCE).
BTW - BCE stands for Before the Common Era, which is how we designate secular dates before Year One of the secular accepted calendar.

Q. The Ashrey Prayer is alphabetical, why is it missing the letter Nun?
 A. The Talmud (Brachos 4b) asks the same question and explains that Nun stands for Nofel (fallen) which is something David (author of Ashrey) wanted to avoid. But you asked further - aren't there other Hebrew letters that stand for negative words? Are you going to disqualify all letters because of what they may stand for? Here's a nice explanation: King David wanted to include "fallen" in Ashrey, after all it's ups and downs are a fact of life. But he didn't want to start off a verse with Fallen. Instead he begins the next verse (starting with the letter Samech) "G-d supports the fallen." It's OK to talk about falling down, as long as it's in a supportive and hopeful context.

Q. Is it OK to pray the evening prayer in Boxers?
 A. Well, here’s the official answer from the Code of Jewish Law, we’re supposed to dress-up for prayer – say like we would to greet a king or more likely the way we would dress for a formal job interview. Realistically, dorm-room-wise, any decent dress is appropriate. Boxers work, but throwing on a pair of pants completes the picture.

Q. How late can I pray the evening service? Does 3am work?
A. Technically, you can pray the evening service until slightly before dawn (which isn’t the same as sunrise), which can be anywhere from around 4am-7am depending on the time of year. But the Rabbis in the very first Mishna of the entire Talmud encouraged people to do it before midnight – so that we don’t end up missing the deadline. Leaving important matters to 3am is risky business. If it’s 3am and you didn’t pray yet, by all means, go ahead, but we’re not supposed to leave it for then.

Q. My son's Bar-Mitzvah Parsha is all about animal sacrifice. What relevance would this have in today's world?
A. Here's one idea. There's a beautiful Chassidic insight based on an interpretation of the Alter Rebbe, founder of Chabad, that aside for the physical animal (and especially nowadays without the Temple) one would have to make a "personal sacrifice" of one's own "inner-animal". Each of our "animals" are different. Some of us have temptations and desires that are bullish, aggressive and passionate. Others are sheepish - lazy and apathetic to that which we ought to do. But whatever our animal, we need to make a personal sacrifice - dedication - and fire it up in the appropriate, positive and holy context.

Q. Where can I read up more about the special spirituality of the Jewish woman?
A. www.JewishWoman.org is a great website with lots of material. The Rebbe often spoke about the unique advantages of feminine spirituality and strongly encouraged the empowerment of women and their vital involvement in Jewish life. One aspect of this was the "co-directors" concept, the Rebbe's husband and wife Shluchim teams, of which Raizy and I are proud to belong. This website shares many viewpoints and perspectives, much of which reflects the Rebbe's vision.

Q. Is there a source for Moses ascending a mountain to see all the Land of Israel?
A. There sure is! See Deuteronomy 3:27 where G-d tells Moses, "Ascend to the top of the mount and raise your eyes westward, northward, southward and eastward, and see with your eyes, for you will not cross this Jordan."

Q. If a Fast-Day falls during Sheva-Brachos (week following wedding) do the Chassan & Kallah get a break?
A. No, sorry about that. The only exception is the Fast of Esther (some say Tzom Gedalia, too) for which they do get a pass. Mazal Tov!

Q. Why do Jews greet each other using "Sholom Aleichem" - the name of a Yiddish author?
A. Sholom Aleichem was a pen-name for Sholom Rabinowitz (1859-1916), the traditional greeting long predates the celebrated Yiddish author.

Q. You take the Talmud's word for the Oil-Miracle even with no mention of it in the earlier Book of the Maccabees?
A. Guilty as charged, I trust the Talmud. Besides, omission alone is not proof enough against, especially considering the argument and ideological struggle of which miracle warrants more emphasis, the oil (spiritual) or the war (physical).

Q. Rabbi, why don't you say the word "Shel" in the Chanukah blessing as many of us do?
A. Mushky Galperin helped me with the reason for our custom being different. "Shel" is Hebrew for "of". When it comes to Shabbat candles, it is Shabbat that is the main celebration and the candles are a ritual to welcome it. Whereas with the Menorah, these lights are the celebration themselves, they are not "of" anything else.

Q. I read online that on Friday of Chanukah you need to use thicker candles than usual. Why?
A. The Menorah is all about illuminating the darkness. On Friday, though, we have to light the Menorah earlier than usual, before Shabbos Candle-Lighting time. So it's best to light candles (or oil) with enough fuel to remain lit until after darkness sets in.

Q. If some do Hakafot on Shmini Atzeret night, why not during the daytime, too?
A. Here's the background. Jews in Israel dance with the Torah on the 8th night and day of the holiday. Jews in the Diaspora dance with the Torah on the 9th night and day of the holiday. The Ari'zal of Tzfat instituted "Hakafot Shniyot" - 2nd set of Hakafot after the holiday ended in Israel (on the night after the 8th day) to symbolize solidarity and unity with the Jews in the Diaspora. This custom became most famous in Kfar Chabad and is now popular all over Israel. In return, some Jews of the Diaspora instituted a Hakafot dance on Shmini Atzeret night in solidarity with the Jews in Israel. Being that Diapsora 8th night and Israel's 9th night are symbols of solidarity and not Halachicly mandated, they are only done once - at night.

Q. So the oil lasted longer than it should have. Why the celebration thousands of years later?
A. Miracles aren't only a matter of convenience - the sea split so Jews could get to the other side. They aren't mere problem solvers. When G-d interferes with the natural order He created, it is an infusion of Divine revelation into our world. There's profound mystical meaning and lasting ramifications to historical miracles, they change our world and the course of history forever. Learning Chassidic texts on miraculous events like Chanukah and the Crossing of the Sea help us realize this.

Q. Where can I find traditional commentary on the Samson story - in English?
A. Talmud Sotah 9b-10a has some interesting stuff, check out a translated Talmud. Also there are commentaries printed on Tanach - some of which are translated into English in the Judaica Press edition. I can lend you both books.

Q. What's the simplest way to tell Rashi and Tosefos apart on a Talmud page?
A. Rashi is always on the inner margin closest to the book binding, Tosefos is always on the outside margin. 

Q. Do we make Havdalah on Shabbos going into Yom-Tov?
A. What a question! The Talmud (Pesachim) has a 9-way debate on it. All agree that we make a Havdalah (farewell to Shabbat) and Kiddush (welcoming YomTov) combination, but there are 9 varying opinions on the order of the blessings recited.

 Q. Can I wear a leather belt or kippah on Yom-Kippur?
A. Yes. The restriction is only against leather shoes. This dates back before Payless and Famous Footwear. A good pair of shoes lasted a long time. And people walked around a whole lot more, and stood on their feet more hours of the day. The Talmud says we should sell the beams of our house to buy a good pair of shoes. Nowadays it is hard to earn a living repairing shoes. (Or repairing anything for that matter, it's often cheaper to buy new).

Q. The prophet Ezekiel is addressed as "Son of Man". Why this unusual title?
A. Here's a reason from Rashi, the great Biblical commentator. Being that Ezekiel was privy to the most spiritual and esoteric of visions, this title was a subtle reminder that helped him keep perspective and keep it from getting to his head. Rashi gives another explanation, too: This vision took Ezekiel to the level of the angels who stood around and said, "What is this son of man doing here?"

Q. What are some Torah laws regarding a Fence?
A. (1) Most famous is the "Maakeh" roof-top fence in Deut 22:8. This law represents all laws regarding safety and accident prevention. (2) Ethics of our Fathers encourages us to "make a fence around the Torah" which refer to Rabbinic decrees and ordinances designed to preserve and protect observance of the Torah's Laws. (3) The opening pages of Talmud tractate Bava Basra deal with optional and obligatory privacy and protective fences of neighboring properties.

Q. I'm an osteopath. I heard there is an indestructible bone in the body according to Jewish tradition?
A. It is called the "Luz" bone. According to the Medrash (Kohelet Rabba 12:5) this bone will be used for the resurrection of the dead. One source has the Luz at the base of the spine, and the other has it atop the spine, where the back knot of Tefillin rests. It is said that this bone is especially nourished from food eaten at the Melava Malka (farewell to the Sabbath Queen) meal after the end of the Sabbath.

Q. I noticed a few stretched-out letters in the Torah scroll. What's the significance?
A. Torah columns are justified on right and left, and it's all done by hand - no computer. The Sofer (Torah Scribe) has a certain amount of leeway to stretch (or squeeze) some letters to make it fit justified evenly on the line.

Q. After a synagogue honor - people shook my hand and said, "Yasher Koach" - what does it mean?
A. All the more power to you. Or as in Star Wars, May the force be with you.

Q. I can't believe the family is supposed to shovel dirt on the deceased at the funeral!
A. Jewish tradition considers it a (reluctant) honor and obligation to participate in a burial personally, instead of letting the hired help with the backhoe do it.

Q. Why do you need an Eruv-string to your basement? Isn't the whole yard private property?
A. It is, and you're right, we're allowed to carry in private property on Shabbat. But in a Jewish legal sense, open, unfenced area, while not considered public area, is still not private for the laws of carrying on Shabbat without an Eruv-string or fence.

Q. I was at a synagogue near home, and the Rabbi said a tissue box there could not be used. Why not?
A. Not being there, I can't be sure, but it probably was an issue of tearing on Shabbos. If the tissues were connected, there may be an issue of tearing them apart on Shabbos. Some Rabbinic authorities allow tearing tissues/toilet-paper as long as it is not torn on the perforation (since that would be tearing in a measured and exact way), but others do not allow any tearing of tissue or paper, even not on the perforation. The tissues in the box must have been stuck together.

Q. Why is there ice in this milk?
A. That's because our milk comes frozen, and we didn't thaw this bottle long enough. Why does our milk come frozen? That's because we keep an additional Kosher Dairy stringency called "Chalov Yisrael" and it isn't readily available at Price Chopper, Stewarts or Outtakes. It comes freshly frozen once-a-week from NYC and we thaw a bottle a day, since our kids love cereal and milk.

Q. I noticed that some people raise a pinky toward the Torah when it is raised. Why the pinky?
A. The verse recited when the Torah is raised says, "THIS is the Torah.." and on a similar expression on another verse the Midrash comments, "THIS means - show it with your finger and say THIS is it!". For those who have this pointing custom it is to demonstrate that Torah is here, now, tangible and relevant. Why the pinky? I've heard/read a number of explanations (none from classic sources): (1) The pinky is the humblest of the fingers, and Torah is acquired through humility (2) The pinky had an important function in the Holy Temple service of "Kemitzah" gathering a three-finger's full of flour meal required for a meal-offering, minus the pinky amount -which remained unclosed. A Midrash relates that when Haman went looking for Mordechai to parade him around on the King's horse, he found him studying Torah. And what was the subject matter? They were talking about this Kemitzah measurement of flour-meal. Haman was incredulous - this little three-fingers worth of flour outweighed the 10,000 talents of silver he offered to the King! So by pointing the pinky, we're highlighting the power of Torah. (3) Someone once told me it would be rude to have everyone pointing their index finger in the synagogue. BTW - Chabad's custom is not to point a pinky or any finger, but to simply gaze at the words and letters of the open Torah.

Q. Why do some Jews wait for marriage to wear a full Tallit during prayer?
A. The Talmud Tractate Kiddushin implies that unmarried men do not cover their heads with a cloth, and many understand this to refer to the wearing of a Tallis, as opposed to a Tallit-Kattan which is only worn on the chest/torso. Sephardic Jews, those of German descent and many modern congregations wear a Tallit from the age of 13 and some even earlier. (This question has nothing to do with the Mitzvah of wearing Tzitzit garments, and relates only to the full Tallit).

Q. How did Pickles become part of the Jewish tradition?
A. There's no religious significance to the pickle, but you're right, along with herring, pickles and other pickled products have an important place in our cultural tradition (at least for Jews with Eastern European heritage). Back then in cold countries you needed ways to preserve foods during the harsh winters, and pickling was a practiced method to do keep these foods edible over long periods of time. And don't forget, Jews would say a little L'chaim on some vodka or schnaps on Shabbat and festive occasions, and these foods are good chasers. But there is also a life-lesson from pickled and spicy foods as explained in the Chassidic classic book of Tanya chapter 27, for they represent (in contrast to sweet foods) the challenges and difficulties we have to overcome in life. When we grow through the difficult experience, it is a far greater enjoyment than the satisfaction in that which comes easy.

Q. Do you guys set up appointments, if I have something personal to chat about?
A. Of course! We live here, so we're here most of the time, and you can either come by to talk, or call ahead and we can set-up a good time that works for both of us. We may not have a desk or armchairs like appointments ought to, but we talk with students privately all the time.

Q. Where do these cool themed Kippahs come from?
A. Marshall Haber (Class of 2004) does some promotional and website work for "KrazyKeepas" (www.krazykeepas.com) and he sent us up a variety of their creative Kippah designs. Their website goes beyond Kippas actually. You can get matching ties and accessories and other krazy stuff. Some students remember Eric Fiedler, creator of Krazy Keepas, from their days in HAFTR yeshiva.

Q. What is this I hear about saving the Lulav and Etrog until Passover?
A. The idea of keeping the Lulav until Passover is to burn it together with the Chametz, this way we continue its use in another Mitzvah, acting as fuel for the fire of burning the Chametz. This is a custom and not a law, it is simply to keep the Mitzvot energy flowing... Recycling Mitzvot in another form! Personally I try to do this each year and fail since the Lulav becomes moldy long before Passover, or the kids hurt each other with it, so it isn’t practical for us. Some people make Etrog jelly or jam, and eat that on Shabbat, some use it as Besamim (pleasant smelling spices) for Havdalah, especially if you stick cloves all over it. We cut up the Etrog and throw it into a punch or lemonade mix and enjoy it on Simchat Torah. But these are customs are not the law. You do not have to keep the Lulav and Etrog.

Q. Where did you get so many bamboo poles for the Sukkah?
A. Bernie Saul (obm) owned and operated "Saul Equipment" a restaurant supply business in downtown Albany. His shop was a landmark of sorts, and sometimes when miscellaneous items would be left neglected at the Port of Albany, he would go down with his trademark blue Chevy truck and bring home some treasures. One year he got a huge pile of US Army blankets which he shared with members of the community. Back in the day they would roll carpets on bamboo poles and often left those poles at the port when loading them on trucks. Bernie was a long-time good friend of Rabbi Israel Rubin and Capital Chabad, so he gave all those poles to use for the Shabbos House Sukkah. P.S. You can buy them at Sukkah stores in the NY area, but they are relatively expensive.

Q. I've become more religiously observant than my family. I go out of my way to be sensitive, but now they're asking me to compromise way more than I ought to?
A. Here's what we've found. There are three types of people in your situation: (1) They never budge, never accommodate. (2) Forever compromising, forever giving in. (3) Always sensitive, accommodating as much as and when possible, but firm and unyielding to pressure when appropriate. For the most part, in the long-term # 3's get the most respect and they get to cherish both their religion and their family.

Q. Suppose everyone in the congregation was a Kohen. Who would do the Priestly Blessing?
A. If there are more than a Minyan, all aside for ten go up to do the blessing. If there's a tight minyan of exactly ten Kohens, they ALL go up to do the priestly blessing which benefits not only those present in the synagogue but also those Jews outside and those in outlying areas.

Q. Psalms 19:7 reads: "The law of the Lord is perfect, converting the soul." How do souls convert?
A. They don't. My translation reads differently than yours. "The law of G-d is wholesome, returning the soul."

Q. My son wants to wear an old family Tallis, yellowed with age, for his Bar-Mitzvah. Does the yellow come out?
A. Mazal Tov on the Bar-Mitzvah. I’m not a dry-cleaner (they might do a decent job on the material, but be careful, they may ruin the fringes which are important), but I think that yellowed look is there to stay. Maybe the old yellowed look could be twisted into a positive thing, a son carrying on his family's tradition.

Q. How can I find out when Yom Kippur ends?
A. A good Jewish calendar should have that info. Better yet, use the "Calendar" feature on www.chabad.org to find out times and dates for Shabbat, Holidays, Jewish Brithdays and many other things, using your zipcode or hometown.

Q. What are "Bnai Mitzvah" and what are "Bnot Mitzvah"? Is there a difference?
A. They are plural forms of Bar and Bat Mitzvah.

Q. Why are Hebrew books written backwards?
A. Hebrew is written and read from right to left instead of from left to right (like many other languages). Different isn't backwards.

Q. Where is that verse about Rachel crying for her exiled children?
A. Jeremiah 31:14. A very moving verse, it is inscribed on Rachel's tomb in Bethlehem.

Q. Is Bone China Kosher?
A. Strangely enough, it is. Although it may contain some bone-ash used to brighten or strengthen the china, the process itself removes any non-Kosher elements. This is only in regard to newly purchased china. Koshering china previously used with non-kosher is a different, complicated matter. Ideally it would have to be returned to the kiln, and they don't all make it through that process. There are some exceptions, best to discuss with the Rabbi helping you kosher the kitchen.

Q. The Bar-Mitzvah invite I got says the event begins with "Havdalah". What is that and how long does it take?
A. It is a blessing recited over a glass of wine, some spices and  a braided lit candle, bidding farewell to the Sabbath and ushering in the new week. It literally means separation or divider, as it separates the holiness of the Sabbath from the workday week. It is a nice, multi-media ceremony, and short, usually done in under 5 minutes. Some people do little more singing and add some extras for a meaningful experience which can stretch the timing quite a bit.

Q. I do Amusement Park marketing. Are these parks appropriate on Purim, Hanukah, Rosh Hashanah, or Passover?
A. It really depends on the holiday. Rosh Hashanah is out, because it is observed almost like the Sabbath and besides, the Jewish New Year is  a serious time. Purim is a joyous time and there isn't much restriction, but its a busy one-day holiday with lots to do and celebrate, and most likely not a day to go on rides. Passover is an eight day holiday with four of the days (the two Seder days and the two last days) observed as a Sabbath-like holiday, but the middle four days are great days to go spend quality family time. It's almost a religious tradition to take kids on trips during Chol HaMoed (the Hebrew name for the four intermediate days of Passover). The only tricky issue is food, because of Passover restrictions which apply throughout the entire eight days. Chanukah is eight days long too, but none of the days have Sabbath-like restrictions. Up here in the wintry Northeast no one thinks of amusement parks in December, but down in the South or out West, it might be a nice time to take a trip to a park. Another good time you did not mention would be Chol HaMoed (4 middle days) of the Sukkot Holiday. Only issue then would be the need for a mobile Sukkah set-up so the kids can have their lunch.

Q. I'm costuming "Ragtime" and need an immigrants' prayer shawl circa 1906. Fabric? Colors? Size? Fringe?
A. It would probably be a woolen Tallit yellowed with age and use, traditional black stripes down the sides, probably of middle size, not a shawl-type common today in liberal congregations, and not the very large full-size that the Chassidim wear either. It would cover much of the person's back when worn. Of course it would need the obligatory 4 fringes, which were then made with slightly thicker strands than we use today.

Q. A co-worker libeled me and it cost me my job. Now I have an opportunity to sully his reputation. Is that Kosher?
A. I know where you are coming from. I, too, once felt betrayed and unjustly treated and felt the same. But the Torah forbids us to take revenge, no matter how human and natural a trait it is. An allowance would be if others need to be warned about their negative and destructive behavior, to avoid future issues, then there would be some allowance to share this info in a constructive manner, as long as it is not vengeful and hateful.  Also if there is some way for you to be repaid your losses etc, that would be another allowance, as long as its through a just and legal system. Otherwise, at the end of the day, simply getting back at them would not heal the hurt in your heart.

Q. I saw a dance at a Jewish wedding with people dancing with bottles on their heads. What's the point?
A. There's a big Mitzvah to be joyous at wedding and rejoice with the bride and groom. This is one interesting form of entertainment. It happens to be a Russian talent and tradition and is quite difficult to perform. A student of my father-in-law did it very successfully at our wedding.

Q. Something's wrong. Calendar says to burn Chametz on Friday, and then eat it until Saturday morning?
A. That only happens when Passover begins on Saturday Night. We can't burn Chametz as usual on the day before Passover, since that would be prohibited on the Sabbath. So we do it on Friday, but we are allowed to eat Chametz following the burning up until the scheduled time on Saturday morning.

Q. Why do we pray towards East, but to a Western Wall?
A. We in the diaspora pray toward East to the direction of Jerusalem. (The Jews of Babylonia and Syria prayed to the west, towards Jerusalem). The Western Wall is named such because it is the wall surrounded the western side of the Temple Mount, which was actually the nearest side to the Holy of Holies.

Q. "Pas Yisrael" what does that mean on bread?
A. Literally translated as Jewish Bread, it means that a (observant) Jew was involved (to some degree) in the baking. While OU on bread or cake means that the ingredients and process are Kosher, it does not necessarily include this additional stringency (which is mentioned in the Talmud).

Q. I always thought Megillah referred to the Book of Esther, and now I hear there's five such books?
A. There's only one Book of Esther and Purim story, but there are five books in Jewish scripture which bear the name Megillah.

Q. I need to know what it took to become a Rabbi in the 1st Century?
A. A lot more than it does today. Not all scholars were automatically Rabbis back then. The title "Rabbi" referred to the "Smicha" ordination of the earlier generation (represented by one of its outstanding leaders) conferring special authority, transmitted down the generations from Moses, when he vested the 70 elders with Rabbinic leadership. At one point in time, around the first century, the Romans forbade the practice of Semicha (for they were aware of its powerful implications) and a sad story is told in the Talmud of a Rabbi who sacrificed his life to ordain the five outstanding disciples of Rabbi Akiva who were unable to receive ordination from him before he died. Later in the Diaspora, this specific transmission was discontinued, but the title "Rabbi" or "Rav" was still kept up for teachers and scholars and spiritual leaders of Jewish communities, who were ordained by respected Rabbis. Today's Rabbis study for Semicha as well, but it does not confer the same degree of authority as it did then. Rabbi Yaakov Bei Rav of 16th century Israel wished to reinstate the original Semicha ordination, but did not have the broad consensus of his colleagues.

Q. My Jewish tenant asked me to switch the outdoor light's motion-sensor to a photo-sensor. Is a motion-sensor unclean? Does it violate individual privacy?
A. There's nothing unclean or unacceptable about motion sensors. But they do present a one day a week problem to a Sabbath observant Jew. Those who are strictly observant do not manipulate or change electrical devices on the Sabbath. We can benefit from lights, but we can not alter them (on/off). A photo-sensor is OK, since it works automatically without our involvement, but a motion-sensor goes on because we walked by.

Q. My children call me "Eema", now that I'm having grandkids, what's Hebrew for Grandmother?
A. "Savta" is Hebrew for grandmother. Mazal Tov!

Q. What's a "Psak"?
A. This refers to a clear authoritative ruling on a Halachic issue by a respected Rabbinic figure.

Q. What's a "Psak"?
A. This refers to a clear authoritative ruling on a Halachic issue by a respected Rabbinic figure.

Q. What's the point of fasting?
A. We don't do it very often, but the few Jewish fasts a year are a form of personal suffering to better appreciate and relate to what these fast-days represent. And getting away from food for a while helps us focus our minds on spiritual pursuits such as prayer and reflection. But the truth is this is the exception for Judaism which usually emphasizes finding spirituality within the material. Eating good food is an important and regular Jewish experience.

Q. My great-grandfather's gravestone has a "Shin, Vav & Bet" after his name. What does that stand for?
A. "Shochet uBodek" - Ritual Slaughterer and Checker/Investigator. This is the title for advanced Shochet certification.

Q. I'm a lapidary, and I'd like to make a Mezuzah Cover for my neighbor. I know a scribe needs to hand-write the scroll, but are there are any laws concerning the outside cover?
A. Not really. It should have an opening within to properly fit the Mezuzah scroll they will be using. Also many Mezuzahs have the Hebrew Letter Shin on the outside, but this not an absolute requirement. And it should be affix-able to a doorpost, being made of stone may make it a heavier cover and some consideration should go into how it will be affixed (holes for nails or other connectables). Jewish tradition encourages us to beautify our observances, and this personal gift is surely a way to do it.

Q. I'm writing a paper on "Tithing Today", what can you tell me?
A. Agricultural tithing only applies in the Land of Israel (which is why in Israel they have kosher tithing certification on fruit stores). While voluntary charitable giving is a very popular Jewish phenomenon and exists across the Jewish spectrum, the 10% (or up to 20%) tithe is mostly observed in the more traditional segments of the community. In Hebrew it is called "Maaser", and is commonly known in observant communities. There's a lot of gray area and flexibility (depending on many factors, including economic scale) about what can be included in the tithe (i.e. synagogue contributions, Jewish day school tuition etc..) This isn't as far-fetched as it seems. Some students and alumni of Shabbos House contribute a monthly sum based on their income.

Q. I'm not really on the Kosher Meal Plan, but I need a Rabbi's letter to get on to Dutch Quad. Help me out!
A. I write religious letters for students all the time, but come on, this doesn't smell 'Kosher'. Guys like you are busting the system for those who really need it. Res-Life is getting more Kosher letters than Meal plan registrants, so they don't want to honor letters until this phony-stuff clears up. I know you want to get onto Dutch, but honesty is also important, for a Rabbi, and for anyone who wants to be trusted in this world. But there are good things we CAN do and celebrate together, so be sure to check schedule and come over to enjoy!

Q. What happens to old Torahs once they can no longer be used? Is there a Torah Retirement place?
A. Well, at first they can be restored by an expert scribe. Letters fade and crack, but they can be repaired. Sometimes whole sections of parchment can be replaced. But you are right, there comes a time when they can become far beyond repair and need to be 'retired' - respectfully. Many communities bury Torahs once they are no longer usable, together with worn-out books and prayer shawls. Other communities built special storage rooms called a "Geniza" where these holy ritual objects would be placed. The main idea is that it be done with respect and honor.

Q. Though I narrowly escaped the Holocaust in 1939, I still enjoy listening to Wagner's music. Is that sin?
A. This is simply a matter of sensitivity. There are no Jewish laws prohibiting his music, but for those who suffered through the Holocaust and saw their loves ones go to their death while Wagner's music was played by their murderers, it is simply unthinkable and painful to listen to. This is why Wagner's music was never played in Israel, until in recently, and even then only in selected circumstances. You're lucky to have escaped Europe in 1939, but that may explain it, you were never exposed to this horrific use of this music.

Q. What is the difference between a Tallit and Tzitzit?
A. Literally, Tzitzit refers to the fringes themselves, while Tallis is the cloak-cloth part we wear. But in today’s common religious lingo, Tallis refers to the larger outer garment (prayer-shawl), worn over one’s clothing during prayer. Tzitzit refers to a smaller garment, worn underneath the shirt, with the fringes tucked in or out (depending on custom) throughout the day. Not as many people are as familiar with the Tzitzit as with the Tallit.

Q. Which two Kings of Judah had the same mother?
A. See Kings I Chapter 15. Kings Asa and Aviyam had the same mother, Maacha daughter of Av(i)shalom.

 Q. I began wearing Tzitzit all the time, is it still OK to wear a Tallit in the synagogue at the same time?
A. Sure. I do that every time I pray, since I wear Tzitzit all the time, but a Tallit only during prayer. It's recommended!

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Q. My neighbors insist I light "holiday luminaries" outside my home, and will be upset if I don't.
A. Lights are popular this time of year, many of these traditions can be traced back to the Jewish holiday of Chanukah. Local custom might not connect it with religion, but simple online research makes it obvious that these luminaries are generally a Christmas observance. There's an important difference between secular & seasonal, and that which has religious associations. While your neighbors may have the best intentions to illuminate their streets around the holidays, it's perfectly fine for you to opt out and light Chanukah candles instead. In general, good neighbors ought to be more tolerant and not that pushy.

Q. The lobbies at my apartment complex are decorated in holiday fashion, and they've asked me to include an electric, decorative Menorah within their Christian display. Is that where a Menorah belongs?
A. The Mitzvah of Menorah is to publicize the miracle and spread the light. A main lobby with lots of passersby seems like a great place to do it.  Think of how it will fill the hearts of Jews with pride, and how it will bolster religious tolerance and understanding of the non-Jews who see it. But you are right, I would not place it smack in middle of their display, off to a side would be much more tasteful.

Q. Looking at the menorah, we light from left to right, correct?
A. We begin by inserting the candles starting on the far-right side of the Menorah, adding a new one towards the left each night. But we always light the newest candle first (on the left) and light it going towards the right..

Q. I'm a former UA professor, now teaching at W. - where do you get "Mini-Latkes"?
A. Oh, we got them at our local supermarket - Price Chopper (in their Kosher, holiday freezer section). They are Kineret Brand and are not really home-made style Latkes but kind of mini-tater-tots. Reheated on a griddle, the students really like them. See our Chanukah Pages, with our HOT LATKE TABLE.

Q. Do Orthodox people have an official way to determine the exact time of Sunset?
A. Today, scientists do that research. Jewish organizations knowledgeable of these matters get the times for each locale from the US Naval Observatory or other agencies who do the same. Then, using calculations from Talmud and Jewish Law, various times of Jewish observance are ascertained.

Q. Are all Kosher Dill Pickles Kosher?
A. "Kosher Dill" is a flavor, and not a sign of Kashruth. Look for a Kosher symbol to be sure.

Q. What does it mean "where there are no people, be a man"?
A. Of course, there are people in that quote from Ethics of Our Fathers. But if people are not living up to what they should be doing - even if you do not feel worthy or qualified - you be the man, where no one else is doing what needs to be done.

Q. Why does Raizy cover her eyes when lighting the Shabbat candles?
A. Two reasons why all Jewish women lighting candles (not just Raizy) do this: 
(1) It solves a Halachic problem. We're generally supposed to make the blessing BEFORE we do the Mitvzah. But if we do that, it will already be Shabbos (since women welcome the Shabbat with these candles) and once Shabbos begins we can't light candles! So, to avoid this problem, she covers her eyes during the blessing and does not benefit from their light until the blessing is said. (2) This is an important time for personal prayer. Like with the Shema, we cover our eyes to avoid distraction, at this important time of focus and concentration.

Q. How did you get the domain name "Shabbos House"?
A. Easier than you think. Most Chabad Houses on College Campuses are not called Shabbos House, this is a unique name that stuck here at Albany. When we started this website back in 1999 it was out there for the taking.In recent years we've noticed a few other places use the name as well. But we are the original, authentic - SHABBOS HOUSE!

Q. I noticed in the prayers we call G-d "Our Rock". Why?
A. Chevy Trucks say "Like a Rock", and Prudential Insurance advertises using a massive boulder. It symbolizes permanence in a changing world. A indestructible core upon which to depend, and seek strength in. TANYA (the classic Chabad Chassidic work of Jewish thought) is the same Hebrew letters as EITAN which means, "old, hard and strong" - for Tanya seeks to reach, reveal and connect with the Soul within, the G-dly spark, that core within us -  which is always (hidden) there - come what may!

Q. Where does the word "Chulent" come from?
A.  Could come from the Hebrew sh'lahn, meaning " it stayed over-night." Some say it comes from the French chaud lent meaning hot-slow.

Q. Which Jewish Holiday is not biblical in origin?
A. There's more than one. Chanukah and Purim are not, and the same goes for Tu Bishvat and other holidays instituted post Biblical era.

Q. I don't get it. Was it Cyrus or Herod who rebuilt the 2nd Temple?
A. Neither. Cyrus was the Persian King who gave the go-ahead but it was built by Jews, led by Ezra and Nehemiah. Herod was King (vassal to the Romans) a few dozen years before the common era, who despite his many shortcomings - rebuilt and beautified the existing 2nd Temple.

Q. Why is a "Washing-Cup" needed for the ritual hand-washing?
A. The Temple had a special basin designed for ritual washing (called the KIYOR) and in one of the processes of ritual purification it says "put spring water on it, in a vessel" (Numbers 19:17). There is also a law that requires the flow of water to be a direct effect of human force, which is best done using a vessel.

Q. What Kosher product is derived from a non-Kosher animal?
A. Honey. Bees are not kosher insects, yet their honey is Kosher, based on an understanding of verses in the Talmud.

Q. Why isn't there a daily Minyan at UAlbany?
A. Not yet. It depends on student interest. There have been times when students put together a Minyan once or twice a week in the Hillel Office in Campus Center, but it all depends on student interest and availability. Speak to friends, see who's interested. It would be wisest to begin small, say one weekday a week, and expand it from there. On Monday thru Friday I teach at the Maimonides school from 8-12am, so I can't be much help with that, which is why we do the monthly Minyan Bagel Brunches at Shabbos House.

Q. Is there a way to organize these questions by topic?
A. When we first started, we kept listing the more recent Q & A. But you are right, it has gotten out of hand, and there are too many Q&A listed here without particular order. An alumni friend (who got us started with this website, and set-it-up)  is teaching me to use "anchors" and one day when we have some "extra time" we will sort through these questions and get them into an order of sorts. Meanwhile, just browse on down!

Q. Is there a difference between the morning ritual hand-washing and the one for bread?
A. Yes - in the morning we wash - 2 or 3 times (depending on custom) - alternatively on each hand. While for bread, we wash 2 or 3 times successively, first on the right hand and then on the left.

Q. Can you recommend a good book on the virtues of personal modesty?
A. Here are my two favorites: (1) "Doesn't Anyone Blush Anymore" by Manis Friedman (2) "A Return to Modesty" by Wendy Shalit.
#1 is richer and deeper, while #2 is more in touch with the modern and actual realities.

Q. Does a Shadchan (traditional matchmaker) CHOOSE your spouse?
A.  A Shadchan comes up with a good suggestion of someone for you to meet, but the choice is all yours (aside for a few of the very religious communities). In our personal situation (Raizy and I are Chabad Lubavitch Chassidim), an aunt of mine knew Raizy and thought we'd be a great fit. So we went out and got to know and like each other and so we got married.
The Shidduch system actually has advantages: (1) You only get to meet and date people with similar values and life-goals with personality and character compatibility. This way you don't date people for looks only to find out you share little in common. (2) If the "chemistry" doesn't work and you are not for each other, there's a lot less of the hard feelings. It isn't public knowledge that you've been seeing each other, and after a few dates you ought to know if there's nothing doing. (3) This type of dating is goal-oriented and therefore focused on the real issues. It's not years of spending time together before discussing the important questions.
But Shidduch dating is not for everyone, and works best for those who have a more traditional (etc..) Jewish upbringing. Although I've noticed more of the dating websites have character match-ups and personality profiles - aside for a picture and blurb - these are similar to the role of a shadchan.

Q. Is "Shame" a good trait or a bad trait?
A. Depends what you are ashamed about. Being bashful is "a trait of the descendants of Abraham" (Avot 5:19) and "the shame-faced go to Paradise" (Avot 5:20) stemming from humility. It is a sign of sensitivity to be bashful when honored or the like. But "the bashful student can not learn" (Avot 2:5) and Pride in who we are (as Jews, as people, as professionals etc..) is very important. While self-centeredness and arrogance are out, a healthy self-esteem, confidence  and meaningful pride are necessary for growth and are perfectly consistent with humility.

Q. Is there a problem with being in a lit, heated room on the Sabbath?
A. Not at all! In fact this was one of the significant differences between Rabbinic Judaism or the Pharisees (as it was known back then) and the Sadducees (who denied much of the Oral Tradition). Lighting Shabbos Candles is one way we can ensure we have light for our Sabbath meal. While Jewish Law restricts manipulation of energies on the Sabbath (no turning on/off lights etc) we may certainly enjoy that which is in place before the Sabbath has begun.

Q. A Chumash Commentary I was reading says "the He-Goat is a sign of power". Where does that come from?
A. Ask the folks at Dodge. Ram Tough.

 Q. I need to be in Court as a witness. How do I deal with the Oath on a Bible?
A. You can choose to AFFIRM instead of the Oath, which has the legal ramifications but does not have the same religious implications. This is commonly done. Or, if the issue is the Bible. most Courts will allow you to bring a Jewish Bible (Old Testament / Tanach etc).

Q. Why is this week's Torah portion about the Exodus if Passover is months away?
A. The weekly Torah portion is unrelated to the holiday calendar. When Passover comes around, we will read the relevant Torah portions as part of the holiday readings, but the weekly portion is not based on the holiday calendar.

Q. My uncle has a tattoo, can he be buried in a Jewish cemetery?
A. I get this question all the time, and the answer is Yes. While Jewish Law forbids permanent tattoos, and that's clear in the Torah - having one does not disqualify a Jew from being buried among his/her people. You should be aware however, that various burial societies may have their own qualifications as to whom they would allow to be buried in their burial plots. But this would be their own rules, and not one of general Jewish law.

Q. Why do we cover the Challah on Friday Night?
A. Challah recalls the manna bread that sustained the Jews in the wilderness. The Friday double-portion of manna is why we have two loaves of challah on Sabbath. The Manna was covered with a thin layer of dew, which is one reason for the cover. Another reason is that bread is always the highest and most important of our blessings during a meal. It represents our basic staples and nourishment. But on the Sabbath we begin with the Kiddush blessing on a luxurious cup of wine – so as to not ‘shame’ the importance of simple and basic bread, we cover them while Kiddush is said.

Q. What do the 3 Hebrew Letters Madonna uses "Lamed, Aleph, Vav" stand for?
A.  I’m not a maven on Maddona’s Kabbalah (and think of it as abused and misplaced kabbalah - to be honest) though I study aspects of the Kabbalah myself. The letters you mentioned spell a common Aramaic word "Lav" which means No  or “alu” which in Hebrew means “These Are” a common opening phrase used in Mishnaic texts. The numerical value of these letters is "37" one above 36 (which has a lot of reference in Jewish stuff).
Mystical variations of Hebrew letters have no end, and especially in this case seems to refer to various spiritual combinations of the Names of G-d and other flows of Divine energy - this seems to be most likely what these letters represent. It is also possible that this would be something relevant to her, maybe numerical value or initials etc. So I’m not sure what these represent, and not really interested in pursuing it either.

Q. Are animals allowed in a Synagogue?
A. To enter the building you'd have to ask the folks in charge - or whatever appropriate board. To enter the actual place of worship is a different matter. Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (renown halachic authority of the 20th century) has a responsa that seeing-eye dogs (or the like) are certainly permitted, but other animals would not fall under that special exemption.

Q. Who was Rabbi Yitzchak Arama?
A. A famous Spanish Rabbi, author of the "Akeidas Yitzchak" (Binding of Issac) or "Akeda" for short. It is an important inspirational classic work of Jewish Thought, written prior to the Expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 and the onset of the Spanish Inquisition. His descendant and namesake, Rabbi Yitzchak Arama of Israel was killed by terrorists in the month of Tevet 5763 / December 2002.

Q. How can this be... I used a website to calculate my Torah portion, and it lists one for a BAR-mitzvah, and another for a BAT-Mitzvah! What difference would that make?
A. Torah portions for Bar and Bat Mitzvahs are determined by matching the Hebrew Date of your 12th or 13th Birthday to the portion which falls that week. The portion may vary on a given Hebrew date from year to year due to the Jewish Leap Year cycle, the holiday calendar schedule, the Hebrew dates corresponding to the days of the week and other variables. So the same Hebrew date - a year apart - may fall on a different Torah portion. Bar-Mitzvahs are celebrated in the 13th year, while Bat-Mitzvahs are celebrated a year earlier at 12.

Q. Why do some Orthodox Jews wear 2 sets of Tefillin? Isn't one enough?
A. One is certainly enough to fulfill the halachic obligation. The 2nd pair is named "Rabbeynu Tam's" for the 12th century Rabbi who disagreed with Rashi in the order of the Torah portion placed in the head-tefillin. Both agree on the same exact portions and wording, the issue is only about order - and it stems from two possible interpretations of a piece of Talmud. So while the law follows Rashi, it also suggests that those desiring to go beyond the letter of the law might want to wear Rabbeynu Tam's as well. This practice is mostly followed by Chassidim.

Q. What's wrong with Plain "K"?
A. You can't copyright a letter of the alphabet, and therefore any company can put a "K" on their product without proper certification and assurance that it is indeed kosher. FYI - there are some products which do have reliable supervisions yet only have a "K" on the label such as Kellogg's Cereals - but you would have to know of this, and not rely on the "K" alone.

Q. Why doesn't it say "it was good" on the 2nd day of Creation?
A. This was a day of separation (between the waters below and the waters above) and while this was necessary and purposeful, being that the purpose was not fully achieved until the following day (when the heavens and seas were designated) - the separation itself is not something to be happy about.

Q. When will there be peace in Israel?
A. An Israeli Prime Minister once said: When the Arabs will love their children more than they hate us.
Of course, there's so much more to this very complex issue - but I thought this was a telling point.

Q. Who put up this tent - it must have been expensive!
A. Not a nickel. This tent is property of the Lake George Minyan run by Capital Chabad in August. It is stored in the Shabbos House garage. Though it came without a manual, Jason Kersch, Eric Himy and Mike Kashani worked hard, with Raizy's guidance and my brother Shmuly's know-how. (We did rent the chairs, though). We needed a tent for the overflow crowd (with alumni!) over the Simchat Torah weekend, and also as backup in case of rain, and it came in handy.
Note: This tent was up in the yard of Shabbos House for the weekend of Simchat Torah 5763 / 2002.

Q. How many times am I supposed to shake the Lulav?
A. At least once each day of the Sukkot holiday, aside for Shabbat. At the very least, once during the holiday. It's a beautiful and easy Mitzvah with a great message and enjoyable vigor.

Q. Why would different calendars list different times for the end of Yom Kippur?
A. (1) Check to be sure they're from the same region. Depending on the longitude and latitude - timing differs. (2) There are several opinions in Jewish Law in terms of defining "dark" and "nightfall". While the times we use are pretty much standard in the Jewish community, some may follow a different opinion. (3) If it is only off by a minute or so, that is because some round off to a more stricter time, while others leave it as is.

Q. Where can I do "Tashlich" around here, and until when?
A. WHAT: "Tashlich" is a prayer ceremony said near a body of "living" water (i.e. with fish) "casting away our sins" and asking for G-d's protection for the New Year. It has become a nice time for the community to get together in the park. It can be said alone as well. WHERE: You can say it at Indian Lake (off Indian Quad) or for a nicer spot try The Pine Bush - Rennselaer Lake north of Fuller Road, turn left across from the entrance to the 87-90. WHEN: It is customary to say it on Rosh Hashana, but can be said as late as Hoshana Rabba, before Simchas Torah.

Q. Why did you not include something about 9/11 in your e-mail of that night?
A. I wanted to. There was some unusual tech-trouble, and the e-mail was mailed, not once but twice (sorry!) while I was still tweaking it and thinking of a short thought or prayer to add about 9/11. Of course, this is a huge tragedy that continues to affect our lives, and while there is so much to say and think - on a day like this we have little to say at all. On the schedule page I added a link to University commemorations for this day - should you see it in time.

Q. What's the difference between Revenge and Punishment?
A. Revenge is a subjective, personal, wild form of justice, untempered by objectivity and truth. Often the focus of revenge is a sense of satisfaction or enjoyment, while punishment is about consequence, and a deterrent. Revenge is more about our emotional response than about what needs to be done to correct the situation. Most punishment is administered by society or those entrusted by society or law (i.e. parents, teachers, police etc..) while revenge is more personal. By the way, the Torah condemns revenge but consequence, reward and punishment are very much part of our books.

Q. Is there a Kosher eatery in Albany?
A. At present, No. Price Chopper Supermarket in Colonie (Rt 5 & Rt 155) has a huge Kosher section, with a deli and meat dept and lots of grocery. The University has the only sit-down place (Kosher Dining at Dutch & Dreidels Bagels at Campus Center). Chabad ran a Kosher Pizza place for many years on Washington Ave which closed in the late 80's, and then Goldberg's near Exit 23 had a bagel shop, but it is no longer Kosher. There are local kosher caterers for special events.

Q. What is Borscht?
A. A traditional Russian beet soup. There are all kinds, some with vegetables and/or sour cream, others may have meat chunks or eggs. It can be served hot or cold. The commercial variety (you often see near Manishewitz boxes in the 'kosher' aisle) is cooked beets only, cut up in their juice. Borscht was an old country favorite, which became popular because beets grow under the coldest conditions and were readily available. Not many young folks go for it, I remember my horror in being served it at my grandmother's house. One day, some studies may turn up with the wonders of beets - who knows?

Q. Is it Shabbos, Shabbat, or Sabbath?
A. All of the above. Shabbos is the Ashkenasic pronunciation, Shabbat is Sefardic and Modern Hebrew and Sabbath is English possibly based on Latin or Greek. Shabbos House is called this way, because years ago the name stuck and now it is a beloved name for a place where the Shabbos spirit overflows into the entire week. We do get some junk mail to "Shabbo's House". Mr. Shabbos does not live here, and the Sabbath is called a Queen anyways.

Q. Why do some people shake when they pray?
A. "All my limbs will say.." (Psalms 35:10) is a source for involving all the body in prayer. When listening to music, people often do body motions, too. It is a sign of "being into it". On this verse, there's an interesting note in the Talmud: The more we involve our bodily motion in study, the longer we retain memory of the information. I've noticed some modern educational psychology following this method.

Q. Honest Weights & Measures seems like an old rule, where do we see it today?
A. Gas Stations are one place. Look closely at the pump and you'll find a sticker from some County Dept certifying that the pump is accurate. If not, how would you know that you indeed pumped 10 gallons? Maybe it was only 9.3 gallons? Look around and you'll see similar certifications (both government and private) all over the place.

Q. How do Israeli Banks operate if we can't charge interest?
A. There's a document formula known as 'heter iska' which converts loans into business type investments, which avoid the interest-loan prohibition. Also there are many hundreds of 'free-loan-societies' in religious communities, both in the US and Israel, providing interest-free loans (usually of smaller size than mortgages, though).

Q. What is a 'Baal Teshuvah'?
A. Literally: 'a master of return'. It refers to those who make meaningful life-changes to a more observant lifestyle.

Q. How do Jews view Satan?
A. Here's a parable, quoted in Tanya from the Zohar. An older king had a young, wise son; loyal and handsome. The King hired the finest tutors to educate him, so that when the time would come he would be able to govern the land wisely. Then the king hired a harlot to try and seduce the prince, to test the strength of his moral character. So while the King did hire the harlot, and wanted her to try all her charms; he did not wish her to succeed.

Q. Is food an important part of the Jewish prayer service?
A. Jewish Prayer does not involve food. We don’t have wafers or the like. We use prayerbooks, called a Siddur, and depending on custom wear a Tallit or fringed prayer shawl with stripes. During weekday morning prayer guys are supposed to wear Tefillin (black boxes with Torah portions inside wrapped around with leather straps). Generally speaking we do say blessings on the food we eat, both before and after.
But don't get me wrong. Food is important in Judaism. Very. Friday Night Shabbat Dinner is a good example. We’re supposed to have a delicious –couple-course meal, which begins with Kiddush – sanctifying the Sabbath prayer said over a cup of wine, and then we make the bread blessing over two braided challah breads. Almost all Jewish religious celebrations involve food. Potato Pancakes on Hanukah, Matzah and bitter herbs on Passover, Filled pastries on Purim, and apple dipped in honey on Rosh Hashana. And much more!

Q. Why commemorate the 'Omer' when so many worse tragedies followed?
A. During the period between Passover and Shavuot (or until Lag B'Omer) traditional Jews refrain from live music and weddings etc in commemoration of the 24,000 students of Rabbi Akiva who died during this time, about 2,000 years ago. True, worse events have happened since in our long exile. But these deaths were attributed to the lack of respect and understanding amongst these scholars, and is therefore a symbol for the need for unity, love and mutual respect we Jews are supposed to feel for each other. This remains a problem down to our times, so it is still remembered.

Q. Hey, we now begin the Sabbath while still light out on Fridays?
A. Good point. Now we begin services at 7pm, and the Sabbath begins at sundown which is later this time of year. While we can not end the Sabbath earlier, or start it later - we are allowed to add some time to the Sabbath. We can begin an hour or two earlier, which enables us to have dinner at a reasonable hour.

Q. Why is it so important to say the "Aleinu" prayer communally?
A. You're right. Even if someone had concluded their prayers earlier and later joined people praying, there are a few portions of prayer that you'd be required to say along with the congregation. Amen for Kaddish, the response to the Kedusha, the Shema, and the concluding Aleinu Prayer. It's like if you'd be sitting in Shea (this was written in response to a Met fan, but the same applies across the board) and the Mets score a triple-run homer in the bottom of the ninth, and the whole stadium is roaring, cheering wildly on it's feet - and you stay seated in silence. That reflects negatively on your feeling for the Mets. Same with these important segments in prayer which exclaim our Jewish beliefs, we ought not to be silent when the congregation says them, even if we said them already. Historical Notes: It is said that Joshua wrote this prayer, making it one of our oldest, and it was sung by Jews burning in auto-da-fes during the Spanish Inquisition.

Q. Why 66 days of impurity after the birth of a girl, but 33 days after the birth of a boy?
A. The greater the gain, the greater the risk. With all great spiritual opportunity and blessing comes the possibility of susceptibility to spiritual danger and impurity. Birth is the greatest such opportunity. With girls the opportunity is even greater, for not only is this a celebration of life, it is also celebrating the potential of further life as well. By the way, this impurity was mostly in regard to visiting the Holy Temple and is not applicable in our times.

Q. I'm writing a paper on the advantages of Youth, what does Torah say?
A. For starters here's a few quotes:
(1) "Those who study AS a child are compared to ink written on fresh paper" - Avot 5:20 (2) "For Israel is young, therefore I love him" - Hosea 11:1 (3) "The studies in our youth" (make more far reaching impressions) Talmud Shabbat 21b (4) The Medrash relates: At Sinai G-d demanded a Guarantor that the Jews would keep the Torah. He rejected all the offers by the Jews of the forefathers, prophets, scholars and elders, until the Jews said that our children will guarantee the future of Torah  (5) "From the mouths of babes" Psalms 8:3 (6) "Rejoice in your youth" Eccl. 11:10 .

Q. Why is Rashi such a famous Jewish scholar?
A. He wrote a basic, yet brilliant, clear and explanatory commentary on all of the 24 books of the Jewish Bible, as well as almost the entire Talmud. (This by the way before word-processors or even the ball-point pen). His terse and careful wording is simple for the beginner and includes so much thought for even the advanced scholar. His writings kept these important and sacred texts open books for further generations of study. He is known to be the greatest of commentators and his works are very widely studied by child, laymen and scholar to this day. His work is indispensable to all Chumash (Bible) and Talmud studies. (He was a vintner as well, and made his living making wine in Troyes, France).

Q. What did the Jews do after the Temple was destroyed in 70 CE?
A. They kept it in their hearts. Each synagogue became a mini-temple, each home a sanctuary, and every table an altar. And we're still around to tell the story, and yearn for its rebuilding.

Q. What blessing is made on Grapes & Raisins, and Apple Cider?
A. Raisins and Grapes are both Ha’Etz. The unique blessing HaGafen - for the fruit of the vine was only established for wine (or grape juice). (So why call the blessing “fruit of the vine”? – excellent question). Apple Juice and Cider are both SheHakol, unless your Cider is somewhat like a lumpy applesauce and then it would be Ha’Etz, but not likely or appetizing. Cider is very good when hot, and cooked with cinnamon sticks. It’s an upstate NY Fall favorite. (See question far down this page for our Sukkot tradition).

Q. Why do you switch plates between Fish and Meat?
A. This is included in the Kashrus laws of the Shulchan Aruch (Code of Jewish Law - the tallest set on my bookshelf), yet it is not a Kosher Law. The Rabbis deemed it a safety issue, that it was a "sakana" or danger to eat the two together. I have not seen any description of this danger, or if it is a spiritual concern or an actual physical danger. (Someone once suggested to me that it was due to the small bones present in fish - perhaps? Doesn't sounds right.) The codifiers took this seriously, at times to the point of "chamira sakanta missurah" - danger is of more concern than forbidden food. However the separation between fish and meat is far, far more relaxed than milk and meat for example. They can be eaten immediately before or after each other, with just a drink in between. Most observant folks use the same equipment and utensils, however will not use a fork that was just used with fish for meat, without prior rinsing.
- Besides, it makes for a great way to break up the courses, and for me to stick my little speech in between.

Q. We sing "Al Tirah" after Prayers at Shabbos House, where does it come from?
A. The Purim Story, and is especially relevant today. When Mordechai first heard of Haman's evil decree to annihilate all the Jews, he was saddened and distraught. Then he saw 3 Jewish kids walking home from school. He stopped them and asked each one to say something they learned that day. The first said: "Al Tirah" (Do not fear sudden terror.. Proverbs 3:25). The second said: "Utzu Aitzah" (Plots won't materialize... Isaiah 8:10). The third said: "vAd Ziknah" (G-d will go the distance.. Isaiah 46:4). Mordechai was greatly encouraged by the verses quoted by these children, and years later these positive, optimistic lines were included by some congregations at the end of their prayers. The Lubavitcher Rebbe, would gather children in times of distress, and among other things would greatly encourage the dynamic singing of these verses, in the hope and prayer that the danger would not come to pass. These verses are very relevant today.

Q. Why are Mezuzahs placed at a slant?
A. Actually, it is an old argument between Rashi and Rabbeynu Tam (both French Rabbis at start of the Millennium) if they should be paced vertically or horizontally at the doorpost. The consensus is (and therefore the Halacha) that we follow Rashi's opinion and affix them vertically. In order to partially fulfill Rabbeynu Tam's opinion, we slant it a bit towards the entry. Many Sephardic Jews do not slant it, as they follow Rabbi Josef Karo's (early 1600's in Safed) ruling like Rashi, without the deference to Rabbeynu Tam's ruling.

Q. Why is coarse salt called "Kosher Salt"?
A. All salt is kosher. Coarse salt is used in the koshering process for meat and poultry, to drain it of excess blood, which the Torah forbids. This is an important part of the Kosherization process. Years ago this would be done at home or at the butcher shop, but today is done at the kosher processing plants.

Q. Why doesn't Egyptian history record the Biblical story of Exodus?
A. Maybe it is like modern, state-sponsored newspapers in Arab states who wrote that the Mossad (Israeli CIA) arranged the attacks on 9/11. Polls conducted in those countries show that many subscribe to those views. No other early nation recorded their leader's faults, aside for the Jews. No other early nation describes their origin as being slaves for hundreds of years. So it may be typical of the times, that this inglorious chapter was erased or lost from their history.

Q. I heard that there's a Star of David somewhere on a Dollar bill. I can't find it!
A. On back, inside The Great Seal, the 13 stars are arranged in the shape of the Star of David. I heard that this may have been a tribute to Haym Solomon who helped finance the Revolutionary War. I haven't seen this in history books, though.

Q. What does Torah say about Marijuana?
A. Two things I can think of. Don't damage your health - for this we have to follow what doctors say. Last I checked, the majority wasn't in favor. And that we must follow the law of the land (aside mostly -  where in conflict to religious issues, a subject for itself) and in the USA this is still an illegal substance.

Q. We want to name our daughter Sophia, what would be a Hebrew equivalent?
A. Phonetically Sarah (Abraham's wife, meaning Princess) or Shifra (another name for Moses' mother, known for soothing and nurturing the Jewish newborns in Egypt). In terms of meaning - Sophia means Wisdom, and Binah is a Hebrew name for Understanding.

Q. Is it proper to allow ourselves Joy, when there is so much sadness around us?
A. Tanya (end of chapter 34) quotes the Zohar "Joy is lodged in one side of my heart, and tears in the other". We are capable of two (even) opposite emotions, as long as they are for different reasons. We can love our child deeply, yet at the same time, be truly upset at a specific misbehavior. As different responses to different things, conflicting emotions are compatible. It is important however, that we not confuse the two. The world needs more joy than ever before, but it would be terribly insensitive to dance at ground Zero. There's a humorous chassidic story illustrating this point.

An old chassid arrived at a roadside inn, somewhere in Eastern Europe. The simple Jewish innkeeper gives him a room upstairs. In the middle of the night, the innkeeper hears mournful wailing from that room. It turns out that this elderly Jew was reciting (an unusual prayer) Tikkun Chatzot - mourning the (Churban) destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, and lamenting the harsh exiles of the Jews. This was all new to the innkeeper. He had not heard of the Temples, and was touched by the elderly man's sincerity. So he sat down to join him. It was customary for those who recited this prayer to conclude with a joyous dance of hope, looking forward to the redemption. The innkeeper's wife awoke from the sound of heavy boots pounding on the floor, and seeing her husband missing, went to investigate.

When she found him dancing with the elderly man, at the crazy hour past midnight, she called out to him, "What are you doing!?" And in all sincerity he answered her: "We're dancing for the Churban (the Destruction)!

Having said that, we need to remember that the world does need more Joy. Joy is more than fun, frivolous and empty excitement. Joy is a meaningful, powerful, positive expression and state of mind. Joy breaks all boundaries - says the Talmud, and we are commanded to serve G-d joyously. The great Arizal said - even if we do the commandments, but without joy - that's enough reason to cause the exile (Tanya 26).

Q. Can I say Kaddish for my grandfather? My parents are both living.
A. Some Sefardic communities say that's OK. Ashkenasic communities only OK it with your parents consent and express wishes, otherwise an elder family friend or charitable organization can be asked to say Kaddish. Many Jews feel uncomfortable saying Kaddish with both parents (thank G-d!) still alive. I know that many Conservative and Reform congregations all say Kaddish along with the mourner, or at Holocaust ceremonies, but I am not aware of their official position on this matter. Please note: All this is in regard to the Mourners Kaddish, but not to the Kaddish recited during prayer by the Chazzan.

Q. What makes Jewish martydom different?
A. Many things: (1) We must give our own lives rather than take the lives of another. (2) Though we do believe in the spiritual Afterlife, and the World to Come, the ultimate Jewish opportunities and Torah's Mitzvahs are to be found only in this world. Judaism believes in and focuses on the Here and Now, the Physical World, in which G-d desires for us to make for Him "a dwelling". Many texts support this concept. (3) Martydom is only a last resort (like Give me Liberty or Give me Death) but not an ideal. Torah says: "And you shall Live with them (i.e. the commandments)" - Judaism focuses on and tremendously values human life. (4)   Historically, Jewish Martyrs have been victims (Spanish Inquisition, Crusaders, and far back into time), not aggressors.  (5) Although not totally unique to Jews, this is a remarkable Jewish phenomenon, consistently repeated over the ages; Jews from all levels of observance or religiosity have given their lives rather than tear themselves away from a Judaism - which they may not have even observed. (Not all Jews had this great courage, but over the generations, an overwhelming majority have). Tanya, Chapter 18 uses this to explain the essence of Jewish identity - which can not be defined by race, nationality, culture or religion. (6) Read the stories. Learn the history. It is a painful, tragic and heartfelt history of martydom, which has lent form to our identity as a people.

Q. Who was Nebuhadnezzer?
A. King of Babylon (today's Iraq), who conquered Israel and destroyed the First Temple. He is mentioned in the Tanach.

Q. Do the Bride and Groom say a blessing before breaking the Glass?
A. They listen to 7 Blessings, recited by honored guests and family, answering Amen to each.

Q. I noticed near the date you wrote B.H. Is that like B.C. or A.D.?
A. No, not at all. BH stands for Baruch Hashem - "praised be G-d" or "by the grace of G-d". It is customary to begin all documents that way. It is a little way to increase G-d's presence in our everyday lives.

Q. What do I need - to do or bring - to enter a Sukkah?
A. Warm clothing (unless you're in Florida or we have Indian Summer) and a festive Holiday Spirit. The nice thing about a Sukkah is that it isn't as formal as a fancy synagogue, and you're welcome in - just the way you are. Which is, by the way, the Shabbos House style all year round.

Q. How can you build a Sukkah on the deck, it has permanent walls?
A. The only part of the Sukkah that needs to be made especially for the holiday, and not there all year round - is the Schach or "Roof" of branches and greens. In fact in Israel, where it is warmer year 'round, many homes have roll-down retractable ceilings in sun-rooms, and they throw some branches up and that makes for a perfect Sukkah. But I know what you mean - a concrete or brick walled Sukkah may not feel right, you need that cozy, shaky feel. That's not a Law, but I know where you're coming from. Have no fear, despite the handiwork and dozens of nails and screws that go into our huge Sukkah, you won't be missing that Sukkah-feel at all.

Q. My housemate keeps Kosher, what shouldn't I do in the kitchen?
A. You can't really cook Kosher and non-Kosher in the same kitchen (there are some arrangements that may be possible, but would significantly limit one of your cooking). Unless you keep to Kosher rules - the Kitchen equipment won't be Kosher anymore when he/she uses it. For starters: All Meat (includes chicken) and Milk (includes butter, cheeses etc) ingredients and utensils are kept separate, and never cooked or washed together in the sink. Equipment must be separate for meat and dairy, and of course for non-kosher. All ingredients have to have a Kosher Symbol on them (OU, OK, Star-K, Kof-K, and others) especially meats. Even 100% beef may be 100% non-kosher if it was not slaughtered, or salted, or prepared properly. This is just the tip of the ice-berg on Kosher. Call and we'll go through this further. Also there are many levels in Kosher observance, talk this through with your housemate and see what he/she would consider acceptable. If all you're using is the fridge (not a kosher problem) or microwave, that may be a different story, but let's not call that a kitchen. You have to have separate equipment and utensils - i.e. your own mini-kitchen - for this to work, and even then you really need to be careful and you need their understanding and cooperation.

Q. Are all horns OK to use as a Shofar, is there anything that
would disqualify a horn from use?
A. Shofars must be from a Kosher animal. Rams are preferred because they recall the Binding of Issac. Cows' horns are not considered appropriate because they recall the Golden Calf. Bent (not straight) horns are used, since they symbolize our "bent egos" before G-d on this Holy Day. Some things can disqualify a kosher shofar. Shofars can only be coated or covered as long as the sound is not altered. Cracked Shofar may not be good, depending on the size of the crack, and shofars have a minimum size. Check out our Shofar Factory on Campus Center to see it and do it yourself.

Q. According to the strict observance of Shabbos, can I floss my teeth?
A. For a very strict Shabbos observer there are some problems. But if you floss religiously all the other 6 days of the week you should be OK. Generally speaking, this isn't the most central observance of Shabbos, so I would wait with worrying about it until more observant / understanding of some of the more basic issues.

Q. Where does the name "Jew" come from?
A. Judah. That's just one tribe you ask? The answer comes from the Purim Megillah. Mordechai is called "A Man of Judah" although the same verse traces his lineage to the tribe of Benjamin. The Talmud solves this problem by saying that those who deny idolatry (as Mordechai valiantly did, refusing to bow to Haman) and dedicate themselves to belief in G-d (related to the root word of Judah) are called "Yehudi" (of Judah). Yehudi is Hebrew, Yid is Yiddish, and Jew is English.

Q. Why is the Jewish New Year on a different date each year?
A. We're on a different calendar. The Secular calendar follows the Solar Cycle of 365 days each year, while the Jewish calendar follows the Lunar Cycle of 354 days (yet we are different than the Muslim's strictly lunar reckoning, for we date our seasons by the sun, using leap years to make up the 11 day annual discrepancy - this is how Passover is always in the Spring, while Ramadan can be during any season). So while the New Year is always on the first day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei, same Hebrew date every year, on the secular calendar it will be a different day in September or even early October.

Q. Is the number 42 special in Judaism?
A. Actually it is. The Jews rested / camped in 42 places on their way from the Exodus to the Land of Israel. Also, one of our prayers, "Ana B'Koach" said on Friday Night, has mystical background, and is comprised of exactly 42 words.

Q. Who said "I'm in the West, but my Heart is in the East"; & is it about different cultures?
A. Judah HaLevi, famous Jewish Poet, circa 13th century. He lived in Spain, but his heart was in Jerusalem.

Q. Why are there so many Chabad Mikvahs?
A. (1) "Where there's Coca-Cola, you'll find Chabad Lubavitch". The Rebbe encouraged and inspired his chassidim to take up posts, wherever Jews may be, even in difficult or faraway places. Chabad's Mikvah in Alaska was "in the Jewish news" a lot recently. Also a Yeshiva friend of mine moved to somewhere deep in Siberia (the city's name is from the "Risk" board) and recently built a Mikvah there.  (2) Jewish Family Purity Laws center around Mikvah (Ritual bath). The Rebbe particularly cherished the inner beauty of the Jewish family. (3) Mikvah is important. My father-in-law, who lived in Russia under the Communists, remembers hidden secret Mikvahs, behind false walls and under floors. An excellent book on Mikvah, from many different perspectives, is "Total Immersion" by Rivka Slonim.

Q. I noticed you advertised a study group on "the Mystical Significance of Meatballs and Spaghetti" - but Rabbi, it's an Italian Food!
A. This wasn't intended to be a serious interpretation of this food favorite, rather a light and humorous springboard into an important kabbalistical concept. Kabbalah and Chassidic Thought explore in depth: two distinct G-dly Lights or Revelations, used in the Creation of our world, one circular and infinite, one linear and finite.
By the way, Italy was home to many important Kabbalistical rabbis, one of whom was Rabbi Menachem Ezaria of Fano, 16th century author of many Kabbalistical writings based on the teachings of R' Moshe Cordevero and the Arizal (Issac Luria) of Safed. The class I taught (during a meal of Raizy's delicious meatballs) was based on a Chassidic elucidation of one of this Italian Rabbi's writings.

Q. 613 Commandments! How is it possible to fulfill them all?
A. First of all, nowadays in the Jewish exile (even in Israel) there are many Mitzvos which we can not fulfill, especially those pertaining to the Temple and many of the laws of Purity. Once we already have a set lifestyle, it may be difficult to accommodate all of the restrictions and observances. But to live a full Jewish life is to develop a Jewish lifestyle and lifecycle that incorporates and includes all the different elements and aspects of the Mitzvos. Is it a perfect observance? Of course not. But living Jewishly allows for close enough, if we so desire. By the way, if you tally it all up there are even more than 613, but these are headers or central aspects of all the Mitzvos.

Q. Is it all the Mitzvos or nothing?
A. Each Mitzvah has it's own merit and spiritual value, so even doing one without another, is very OK. The Rebbe was a big advocate of "one Mitzvah at a time". His Mitzvah Campaign encouraged Jews to do single Mitzvos, without long term commitement. Each Mitzvah stands alone. The Rebbe once said to a Rabbi Herbert Wiener, (Reform) author of "9 1/2 Mystics", that compromised observance can be acceptable. Not everyone is at the point that they are willing or able to observe everything. But "sanctifying the compromise" is a problem, for it says, all we have to do is this and no more, it is picking and choosing tradition, and leaves no room for future growth.

Q. What was the military conscription age in the Bible?
A. 20.

Q. Why do some religious Jews refrain from hearing music after Passover?
A. This period known as the "Omer" is Biblically the countdown to the eagerly anticipated Revelation at Sinai. That's joyous. But later, in the times of the Mishna, 24,000 students died in a mysterious plague, during an already difficult time for the Jewish people, under Rome. In semi-mourning for this national tragedy, no weddings take place during this period, and we don't listen to live music. Some won't even listen to tapes or CDs, unless it is educational, and not entertainment. There is also some discussion as to when this period begins and ends, and the various opinions allow room for stringency and leniency in this observance.

Q. Where's the source for
"Greater understanding was bestowed on Woman, more than on Man"?
A. Talmud Niddah 45b. It is quoted in the name of Rebbe Judah the Prince, who was the editor of the Mishna, close to 1900 years ago.

Q. Why do Jews outside of Israel, keep an extra day of Passover?
A. Back in the days when our calendar was determined by the testimony of witnesses on the sighting of a New Moon, messengers had to be sent to all Jewish communities so that they would know when the new month began, and when the 15th (first day of passover) would fall. Within the borders of Israel, the message would reach before the Holiday, but outside of Israel, it would take longer (before IM, faxes and e-mail) and at times the communities would be in doubt - and would keep an extra day of the Holiday - just to be sure. Which, by the way, explains why even in Israel, Jews keep 2 days of Rosh Hashona. Being that Rosh Hashona is the 1st day of the month, there was no time to inform the communities even within Israel, so they kept 2 days - to be sure.
This became the established long-standing custom, so even when Hillel (the 2nd) established the Jewish calendar (based on the Sinaitic tradition as to the precise calculation of the moon's cycle of renewal) the communities in the Diaspora still kept their extra day. Hillel II established the Jewish calendar 1,640 years ago, and it is still in use today.
So why keep an extra day, once they knew with certainty when the Holiday was? It may have to do with - once it has been observed over time, it has become sanctified. We don't do away with that which has become holy. And the Diaspora could use an extra dose of holiness and festival - which may be another reason to hold on to the 8th day of Passover.

Q. What's the source for the quote "If not now, when?"
A. Hillel, an famous, early Mishnaic sage said it in Ethics of our Fathers 1:14.

Q. Is there one Kosher, or many Koshers? Some folks eat Kosher meat, but don't worry about other items, others worry at home, but not away, others won't eat pork..
A. Kosher means Fit. The diet fit for the Jewish people developed by the Chief Spiritual Nutritionist (and His staff). Some people observe all aspects and regulations of the diet, others do some, still others none at all.

Q. What's a Hebrew name for hair some Jewish men wear at the temples, in front of the ear?
A. Peyos, or Peyot. It's the Hebrew word for Corners, and the word used in the Bible when it says "Don't cut the corners of your head".